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President Reagan s Visionary And Ethical Leadership

Ronald W. Reagan American presidents are often faced with making decisions and implementing plans that affect the lives of so many people. America’s 40th president, Ronald Reagan, through his leadership prevented a nuclear war with the Soviet Union and avoided the loss of American lives in Libya. President Reagan was an effective visionary leader and an ethical leader when he negotiated with the Soviet Union to avoid nuclear war and prevented Americans from being harmed in Libya. I will show President Reagan displayed the characteristics of a visionary leader through transformational leadership and recognizing diversimilarity when negotiating with Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev to ending the Cold War. Next I will show President†¦show more content†¦11). President Reagan displayed the â€Å"diversity leadership† trait of â€Å"diversimilarity† in his negotiations with Mr. Gorbachev because he was able to â€Å"to respect the differences betwe en people while highlighting their similarities† (BCEE, 2016b, p. 5). â€Å"Reagan recognized that his goals and Gorbachev’s weren’t identical, but he had concluded that neither were they antithetical† (Brands, 2015, p. 693). President Reagan was an effective visionary leader, proven by his use of diversimilarity and inspirational motivation in how he handled a possible nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Instead he was able to â€Å"over the next three years the two leaders made substantial progress on disarmament and in generally improving East-West relations† (Dobson, 2005, p. 555). President Reagan negotiated an end to a 13-year Cold War through effective visionary leadership. Ethical Leader President Reagan was an ethical leader in his actions to prevent American skepticism and saving American lives in Libya through his use of ethical leadership and critical thinking. â€Å"Violence in Lebanon and Libya marked the Reagan years† (David, n. d.). In 1981, President Reagan was challenged by a terrorist from Libya, Muammar Qaddafi, who threatened to kill President Reagan (Brands, 2015, p. 528). President Reagan displayed the traits of a â€Å"proficient critical thinker† when he displayed â€Å"intellectual humility† in a decision to take action against Qaddafi (Brands, 2015, p. 528; BCEE, 2017a, p.Show MoreRelatedPresident Reag A Leader And Ethical Leader1613 Words   |  7 Pages Ronald Reagan â€Å"There are no constraints on the human mind, no walls around the human spirit, no barriers to our progress except those we ourselves erect† (Reagan s State of the Union, n.d.). Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States and took office during a time of economic crisis, a disorderly foreign policy, and a decline in national morale. When Reagan left office 8 years later, the economic crisis was over, foreign policy was at an all time high and national morale had beenRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ronald Reagan1804 Words   |  8 Pagesthe abyss of discontent, according to Schaller (2011) our new president declares â€Å"for us to realize that we are too great a nation to limit ourselves to small dreams† (p. 34). With a WHOOSH of air felt around the world, America stands up to take on its destiny. Ronald Reagan was an incredible visionary and ethical leader throughout his political career. 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Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesBusiness Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from theRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experiencedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Shakespeare and Steinbeck Free Essays

Compare how Shakespeare and Steinbeck present villains and victims in ‘Othello’ and ‘Of Mice and Men’. By Bushes Begum Both ‘Othello’ and ‘Of Mice and Men’ are tragedies about society villains and victims and how their pursuit of love, hopes and dreams leads them to death and destruction. William Shakespearean ‘Othello’ (1603) is based on a Greek tragedy; the setting is in Venice and then Cyprus, which reflects Othello transforming into a powerful and dominant hero to a ‘Monstrous’ devil. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare and Steinbeck or any similar topic only for you Order Now Briefly, the narrative is about a white woman (Desman) falling in love with a ‘Moorish’ Muslim soldier (Othello). Inter-racial relationships were seen as vile and shocking and the fact that a Senator’s daughter had fallen in love with a ‘black ram’ (as he is referred to in the play) was an even bigger issue as she not only had transgressed the social taboo, but had betrayed her fathers trust and respect. However, John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice and Men’ is a novella that is based on the American Dream. It was published in 1937, while it was the Great Depression in the U. S. A. The novella shows us how life was around the sass’s and how people were affected, such as racism, violence, sexism; women did not have the same equality as men. Moreover, as the unemployment rate was high, people did not have the money to provide for themselves and their family. Firstly, both texts bring male villains to life. In Act one, Shakespeare presents Ago as an antagonist even before Othello appears on stage; The scene begins with Ago fuming as he did not get the position he wanted or thought he had ‘deserved’ because Othello (being the General) had appointed Michael Cassia for this role – Cassia is one of Othello trusted soldiers and had been chosen due to his intelligence; the reason Ago is a villain is because he had planned o cause chaos Between Othello relationship with his beloved Desman by making him believe that Cassia was having an affair with her- this was in fact false. Ago had thought of this particular revenge on Othello due to his jealousy and new that he was not chosen as Cassia’s new position as Othello lieutenant. Sago’s bitterness can be seen through this. He openly admits he is deceptive and selfish saying â€Å"In following him follow but myself’. As well as this, Ago repeatedly uses the plural ‘l’ – this flaunts his self- obsession once again and his egomania. Furthermore, Ago states â€Å"l am not what I am,† it is reminiscent of a quotation room the Bible which Shakespeare would have known: In Exodus (New Testament) Moses asks God his name. God replies: â€Å"l am that am†. Therefore, Sago’s self-description is the direct opposite of God, which is the Devil. There is also an inconsistency between how he appears and what he is really like. This introduces Sago’s mysterious nature and his unwillingness to share his true thoughts. The readers are the only spectators that understand Sago’s true feelings. Each character believes that he is a trustworthy and noble man, but they are unaware of his thoughts and schemes. He claims a fake putative for honesty and plain speaking, yet he invents elaborate lies to exploit each character -The fact that he started and ended the first scene demonstrates his high authority and implying he is omnipotent. Moreover, Ago uses vocabulary to manipulate Abrogation. His slyness is another concept of his wicked characteristics; he uses bestial, sexual language to exaggerate the sinfulness of his daughters marriage . The sense of uncertainty is emphasized as the action takes place at night. The darkness links to a metaphorical difficulty in seeing – this becomes a theme in the play s the characters struggle to separate appearances from reality. Repetition is one of the skills he uses to get them thinking negatively, for example by repeating â€Å"thieves† four times he encourages Abrogation to feel that Othello has stolen his daughter. He also announces ‘Even now, an old black ram is topping your white ewe’, by using this sort of annalistic and graphic imagery, he is trying to arouse Abrogation anger at Othello, so that Abrogation destroys Othello quicker. This is an advantage to Ago as he can seek revenge on someone he hates indirectly and in such a clever way that it doesn’t even me like he was involved in the action at all. Shakespeare specifically chose the animal, ‘ram’ to reveal the moor and connote that he is demonic and devilish; and a ‘ewe’ to suggest she is pure. Being a lamb can also emphasis that Desman is still her fathers baby, which will make Abrogation feel fellow and pity. Ago uses the present tense ‘Even now, very now’ to inflame Abrogation’s patience so he takes action as soon as possible. Additionally, Ago cleverly included his skin color â€Å"black† to provoke Abrogation as this will array the contrast in color between Othello ND Desman; During the Jacobean times, inter-racial relationships would be considered as scandalous and for a Senator’s daughter to take such a shocking action, meant that he would lose his reputation Through Sago’s soliloquy the dramatist anticipates his increasingly evil plans: in this scene (act 1, scene 3) Ago suggests various motives for his plotting. The dramatic device of the soliloquy gives us, the speakers perspective and makes us, in part, his accomplices. He suggests that he is envious of Cassia and states â€Å"if this poor trash of Venice, whom I leash for his haunting†¦ ‘al have our Michael Cassia on the hip†. Ago uses a series of haunting metaphors. â€Å"Trash† was a verb meaning ‘to restrain hounds’ while hunting and a â€Å"leash† is used to restrain dogs. Also â€Å"on the hip† was a wrestling term. This shows Sago’s language is aggressive and predatory and can suggest that jealousy can lead to aggression/violence. Ago also suspects that Othello has slept with Emilie: â€Å"twixt my sheets/he has done my office†. He seems to plot for his own amusement and calls it â€Å"sport†. However, he admits that he has no evidence â€Å"l know fit be true†, yet he acts in mere suspicion. Sago’s unsubstantiated claims suggest that sexual jealousy is just an excuse to cause anxiety between Othello and Desman. This demonstrates Ago is skilled at thinking on his feet, by showing that Ago is working out his devious plan while he speaks he uses phrases like â€Å"let me see now’ and â€Å"how? How? Let’s see†. This hints his ability to take advantage of situations and improvise. The play†right uses rhetorical questions to make it effective. Driven by Sago’s overpowering lust for evil, the lack of his intelligence and the ability to trick people is another thrust for his manipulation. Shakespeare resents Ago as a persuasive figure; as he has the talent to make other characters blind over his trust. This means he is able to utilize people to for his own agenda and use it as a tool for his aspirations. Roding was one of the easy target for Ago to take advantage of, by convincing him that his money (along with Sago’s love) can buy Desman, a woman who cannot be bought. In Sago’s soliloquy he declares: â€Å"Thus do I ever make my fool my purse†. The ensign shows that he is adept at using Roding’s foolishness and weaknesses to fraud money and jewels, making himself a substantial profit, while using IM to attain his other goals too. This shows the society during the Jacobean times was really easy to fool and would trust anyone. Besides, Ago shows his immoral manner through his misogyny – a general hatred of women. He suggests that most women are adulteresses- he says that there’s â€Å"many a beast then in a populous city† since so many women make their husbands cuckolds. He also uses misogynistic terms such as â€Å"wanton† and ‘TOUT† to describe faithful Desman. Generally, in the 1 ass’s, manipulating a woman would be really easy, as it was their duty to obey the commands instructed by their men. Therefore Ago is also capable of taking advantage of his own wife (Amelia), through her weakness. He does not give or show love to her in any way. This leaves Amelia desperate for his affection. He uses her as part of his mischievous plot to destroy Othello and orders her to betray Desman and steal her handkerchief. I nothing but to please his fantasy† Emilie doesn’t question Ago about the handkerchief and does what she has been told. Even though she’s trying to please him, he shows her little appreciation and snatches the handkerchief, telling Emilie â€Å"leave me†. This splays his vice personality. Additionally, the society during the Elizabethan time was patriarchal. Men was seen as powerful and mascu line to do as such; sexism was a common issue meaning women had no rights or a chance to speak up on what they believed was right or wrong. The Jacobean audience would not see sexism as a scandal, as they believe it is culture. However, this could link to Roman Catholics not allowing women to speak in churches. On the other hand modern (21st Century) audiences would see this as discrimination and the gender should not stop you from speaking and giving your populous. Forbore, Sago’s main plot was to utilize Othello and his faithful relationship with Desman. It was easy for Ago to manipulate the ‘Moor, as he knew his fear, such as being cuckolded and this would make him fragile. During these times a man who is being cheated on was outrageous and appalling. They would automatically lose their reputation and status; Even now in the 21 SST century people believe adultery is sickening. Ago uses relentless persuasive techniques to make Othello believe Desman is disloyal without any concrete proof. He uses leading questions such as â€Å"Did Michael Cassia†¦. Know your love? To imply that Othello should be suspicious of Cassia and Desman. By involving Othello in his ‘thought process’, Ago makes it seem as if the idea of Adhesion’s infidelity has come from Othello himself. This indicates Sago’s cunning characteristics. The words ‘honest’ and ‘honesty’ are used twenty times in this scene alone proves that it is a major theme in this scene. A key reason for Sago’s success in manipulating Othello is that he is perceived as a man of ‘exceeding honesty’. It is ironic that Othello believes Ago is truthful when he accuses Desman if dishonesty. Othello words ND thoughts begin to mirror Sago’s. For example, Othello adopts Sago’s misogynistic views, referring to â€Å"lewd minx† and â€Å"fair devil†. Also His language becomes violent. ; â€Å"I’ll tear her all to pieces! † and begins to curse â€Å"O, damn her, damn her! Which echoes Sago’s coarse language and references to hell. At the end of Act 3, Scene 3, Othello kneels in front of Ago, demonstrating to the audience how powerful Ago has become. Ago then kneels down and they pledge loyalty to each other in a parody of an Elizabethan wedding ceremony. This show s Ago can influence innocent people to think and act like him. Yet in ‘Of Mice and Men’, The character The Boss’ is a key villain; he is described as the â€Å"short fat legged man†. The word ‘fat’ suggests that he is greedy and wealthy; he only wants everything for himself. This also suggests that his power and reputation is the most important factor for him. To illustrate the power and authority to the audience Steinbeck cleverly did not mention the boss’s name throughout the entire novel. This further displays that the boss has high standards, thus the workers have no position to call him by his name. However, the characteristics of the boss implies to the traders that he does not believe in friendship or loyalty, the reason for this is the initial start of friendship begins with declaring of names. Moreover, the boss acts in this manner also due to the fact that he is insecure and worried that he might lose his position and reputation. As well as that, the society at the time was harsh and cruel that people were unable to trust one another. The boss is an authoritative figure who is really suspicious for example the book states â€Å"Then why won’t you let him answer, what you trying to put over’; this is when George answers all the questions for Leonie and the boss starts butting both of them. The boss is clearly the villain in Of Mice and Men. The reason for this is because he holds favorites, and does not treat everyone equally. For example he treats Crooks in an unjust manner just due to his race and color. This is clearly proven in the statement â€Å"but I can’t play because lime black. They say I stink’. This reveals that the boss’s perception also affected the rank workers. Therefore, overall this illustrates the boss is not a victim and merely a villain. Similarly, both of the antagonist ‘Ago’ and ‘The Boss’ have a high authority and is omnipotent. Shakespeare and Steinbeck represents their authority in a clever way; for example In ‘Othello’ Ago starts and ends the first scene to indicate he is dominant . Whereas, in ‘Of Mice and Men’ Steinbeck does not mention the boss’s name throughout the entire novella to illustrate his power and command. Both characters uses their intelligence and importance as a tool to take in control of people. They have other characters happiness in their hands, which leaves them deciding how they are going to manipulate or humiliate them. In ‘Othello’ Ago uses racial language such as ‘ The old black am’ and verbally abuses him and makes ‘The moor’ seem like an outsider. Ago also describes Othello as a ‘Barbara Horse’ creating an annalistic imagery. Likewise, The Boss also mistreats Crooks due to his skin color; he segregates him from the bunkhouse and gives him space in the barn. The Boss, categories Crooks with the animals giving him the same equality as a horse. This suggests they both are racist and vile. It also can imply they do not consider black people as human which arrays their villainous nature. Furthermore, Both narratives show sympathetic male victims. In ‘Othello’ the Arcadian tenders ‘The moor’ as a protagonist and a hero in the play, he is a black soldier in a white society; it would be rare for a man of race to have such a highly respected position in Venetian society. However, everyone recognizes that he’s foreign and exotic. Therefore, Othello Is often described using racial language – Roding and Ago calls him â€Å"laborious moor†, â€Å"Barberry horse† and an â€Å"old black ram† in the first scene before Othello appears. The word â€Å"lavishes† makes Othello seem savage. As well as this, by presenting bestial and annalistic images of Othello as a â€Å"ram† and â€Å"bar berry horse† sakes him seem vicious and inhuman. This shows Abrogation, Roding and Ago have all condemned him and they see him as an outsider due to his skin color. This informs the audience that Othello is clearly a victim of discrimination. The ‘Moor’ is also referred to using images of hell and devil because the color ‘ black’ was linked to evil in Jacobean times. This refers the racist society during the 1 ass’s. In the 21st century the racial comments would be offensive and uncivil. Moreover, Othello is a victimized through Sago’s poisoned words, his faithful relationship is ruined by a scandalous amour: Desman is secretly seeing Cassia. The view of Othello as â€Å"not easily jealous† is supported and contradicted by the play. He doesn’t given in jealousy immediately, and says Desman â€Å"loves company† defending her and demanding for â€Å"ocular proof’ before he will believe her guilt. The strength of his jealousy arises in part from the strength of love. He loves Desman â€Å"not wisely, but too well† – when he begins to suspect she is unfaithful, this passion changes from love to jealousy. Ago plays with his insecurity and fears, which leaves Othello emotionally and physically mental, believing he had been cuckolded. Therefore, Othello loses control of his actions and speech. Paradoxically, he thinks that killing Desman is the only way to ensure that their love survives and states â€Å"l will keep thee/and love thee after†. This suggests he always loved her and will love her. He commits suicide to punish himself for his crime. Also as a tragic hero, he has no choice but to die: â€Å"no way but this†. Besides, In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Crooks is introduced to us in a very unique way. He is the only black person in the novella. Steinbeck describes all his belongings, creating a strong vivid picture in the readers head. Crooks the ‘negro stable buck’ lives alone in a small cramped room, he is not allowed to sleep in the bunkhouse, so instead he sleeps in the barn with the animals. This illustrates that he is getting the same equality as a horse is getting and being victimized like an animal, due to his color. He is someone who is abused very unfairly and unjustly. He has many things from a pair of rubber boots, a clock, and a shotgun; he also has a dictionary, magazines, a few dirty books, and a pair of ‘gold’ spectacles. The ‘magazines, dictionary’ tells us that he is bookish and educated unlike the other men. The ‘dirty books’ expresses that crooks looks at woman’s pictures because he cannot get a women in reality. Crooks characteristics is very down to earth, He thinks that everyone is the same. He acts like this because people treat him like a door mat and hate on him because of his race. The society during the sass’s was very racist and black people would be mistreated harshly. He is obviously a victim of prejudice because of his skin color which isolates him from the other men. † Expose you didn’t have nobody. Expose you couldn’t go into the bunk house†¦ â€Å". This demonstrates He’s bitter and lonely. Comparably, Othello and Crooks are the only black character in the both text. They are victimized racially and are diminished. During the sass’s and sass’s the society was chauvinist and prejudice, therefore it was not shocking or vile in these times. However, Shakespeare presents ‘Othello’ as a hero in the play, whereas, in ‘Of Mice and Men’ Steinbeck gives crooks a side role. ‘The Moor’ has been manipulated by Ago without even realizing as he is perceived Ago as a man of ‘exceeding honesty. Therefore, he is blind over his trust. This shows Othello naivety, but some audience may not feel sympathy or Othello because he easily suspected his wife unfaithful without any concrete proof. On the other hand, Crooks has been discriminated from other men, but he knows his equal rights and makes the audience feel sympathy for him saying â€Å"Expose you dint have nobody. Expose you cuddy go into the bunk house†¦ â€Å". Crooks is very down to earth, he will not trust anyone and thinks everyone is the same due to his mistreatment. In addition, in cooperation text portray female victims. Desman is one of the main female characters in ‘Othello’; she is described in military terms as a fair warrior; which shows her strength of character. Desman is a white, upper class Venetian and would have been accepted to marry someone of the same class and race, but she rejects the society’s expectation and marries Othello instead. Her Father (Abrogation) misjudges and disowns her due to the reason he would loose his ‘reputation’. This implies Desman is not racist towards black people and proves she plays a victim. Throughout the play, she’s a loyal wife and promises to herself she will be faithful to Othello as her mother was to Abrogation: â€Å"so much duty as my mother showed me†. Yet Othello assumes his wife is disloyal and adulterous believing in Sago’s dirty rumors. Ago uses her goodness for his own revenge. Desman reveals her naivety about marriage as she refuses to believe unfaithful wives exists: â€Å"l do not there is any such women†. The idea of infidelity is unthinkable to her. This emphasizes her innocence. Despite her loyalty to her husband, Othello physically and verbally abuses her in public labeling her a â€Å"strumpet† and a â€Å"where†. Desman becomes increasingly vulnerable to Othello anger. She seems to defend her husband’s authority and blame herself for his outrage. Also excepting his previous abuse as she does not want to offend him ; â€Å"We must not now displease him†. In the sixteenth century, women were expected to be seen but not heard, especially in their husband’s presence. Moreover, she accepts â€Å"wretched fortune† in act 4, Scene 3 she seems to anticipate her death – she sings a song which mirrors her life and is haunted by the thought â€Å"that song tonight/will not go from my mind†. This creates dramatic irony for the audience who know Othello plan, which is to murder his own wife. By the end of the play Othello tends to suffocate her until her heart beat has topped. Desman is the real victim in this tragic play. Additionally, Steinbeck presents Curler’s wife as an isolated woman who is trapped in a marriage to Curler and is a possession according to him She is a victim because she does not have the freedom of doing what she always wanted, such as being an actress and being famous. She had big hopes and dreams but it all turned out to be the opposite because she married Curler. He treats her as his property, to show this to the readers, Steinbeck did not give her a name and labeled her ‘Curlers wife’ which is also proposing she is just an object. In the 1 ass’s women were not equal with men, Women could not even get out of the house. It was a sexist society. Curler does not seem to give her much attention, this means she had no one to talk to, even if she wants to; â€Å"but can’t talk to no body but Curler. Else he gets mad†. This is what she says to Leonie. Meanwhile, she gets comfortable with Leonie and she tells him how ‘Lonely’ she feels and the way people do not care about her. For example â€Å".. Seems like they anti none of them cares how I goat live† Her speech is characterized by the collective pronoun â€Å"they† and the singular round â€Å"l† which further signifies how she is marginalia from the other men and she feels completely alone in life. Curlers wife is considered as a victim because towards the end the audience starts feeling sympathy for her and realizes that she is a warm hearted person. Straight after, she is mistakenly killed by Leonie. With in Curler’s wife’s death; everything dies such as the Hopes, The American dream and it also ends the novella with the sunset dying. Furthermore, both characters have been utilized as objects; they did not have the right to speak up but are there to only obey their husbands. Desman has been abused physically in public and is called a â€Å"strumpet† and a ‘Severe† – even though she is a loyal wife. In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Steinbeck did not give her a name and labeled her as Curler’s wife’ which is proposing she is an object. Also, throughout, the novella she has been called a â€Å"Tart†. Steinbeck cleverly hints Curler’s wife gets abused by Curler as she wears a lot of makeup to cover her bruises. The society was patriarchy and sexist; Women were mistreated like a discarded cloth. Moreover, both characters had problems in their marriage; their husbands tend to care about the loss of heir reputation more than anything else. Ultimately, both texts teach us that the society is the true, silent villain. This is because Women were treated as objects- they were seen as items to use for the purpose, benefit and satisfaction of men. Although even now, in the millennium era, women are portrayed as objects through sexual exploitation; therefore this highlights the fact that society as a leader, overdoses its generation with brain- tangling ideas to manipulate people’s thoughts and create stereotypes. Another reason to clarify the society is the real scoundrel, s because black people were victimized and mistreated like animals, which is discriminatory and racism. The society is confused because Othello is a black man and he is considered as a white due to the reason he wins the war. This can suggest that the society believe black people are not capable of winning – hinting they are weak. The characters in ‘Of Mice and Men’ and ‘Othello’ tend to care more about status and reputation than themselves. For example, Othello had killed his beloved wife and himself to escape from his reputation loss. Whereas, in ‘Of Mice and Men’ Curler lies; his hand got in the machine to save his reputation. 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Critical Thinking And Managerial Decision -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Critical Thinking And Managerial Decision? Answer: Introduction The study of the course MGMT20135: Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision-Making have helped me in developing the correct sense of implementation and development of the project integration management. The deployment of the project analysis has covered the role for using critical thinking among the people. The critical thinking has helped me in developing the improved analysis method for forming the support for the development of ones perception in forming the supportive deployment of the project integration management. The following essay is a synopsis of what I have learnt through the entire development and tutorial development. The study would comprehend the analysis of the role of the critical thinking and development factor for forming the effective decision making process. I have even came to utilize the reflect tool for deploying the knowledge I learnt for advanced development factor. The managerial decision making has helped in forming the development of the improved functions and processes. Evaluation of Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision Making We have formed the extensive course profile that consists of weekly readings and doing assessments for forming the development of individuals perception for the development of human process and integration. The first week was developed in getting accustomed to the introduction to the topic of study. We realized the concept of critical thinking as Critical thinking is disciplined marketing that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence. The main objective of the first week study was to make us introduced to the topic of critical thinking and then develop the gut feeling for forming the effective decision making process. We came to know the definition of critical thinking by Kallet as Purposeful method for enhancing your thoughts beyond your automatic, everyday way of thinking. Its a process that uses a framework and tool set. We utilized basic intuition structure for building up the powerful basic leadership for the situations. The basic leadership in mind boggling and indeterminate situations were utilized for building up an official choice by utilizing what we had learnt so far over the span of MGMT20135: Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision-Making. The study of the lectures helped me developing a shrewd idea of the benefits of developing critical thinking as explained be Kallet. I realized that critical thinking helps in developing a clear understanding of the situational problems. The analysis would help in developing the amazing opportunity for the avoiding the mistakes and develop through strategies for any scenario. The critical thinking has a framework to follow that includes the steps of clarity, conclusions, and decisions. The second week was divulged into the first step of critical thinking i.e. Clarity. Clarity consists of ten tools namely emptying the bucket, inspection, why, so what, what are needed, anticipatory thinking, what else, ingredient diagram, vision, and thinking coach. We had a workshop at the end of second week in which we studied the case of dirty mobile phones bugging the hospitals. The study helped us in implying what we had learnt for developing the method for keeping hospital safe by reducing the pr obability of contamination of the mobile phones at hospital. The week 3 was dedicated to the process of accessing the information available for synthesizing the opportunities to form views. The week 4 was fully focused on using reflect tool for understanding and developing oneself for the implementation of the effective understanding of the situation. The week 6 was put for the making major decisions by analysing the situations and forming an overview of the scenario. We used critical thinking structure for developing the effective decision making for the scenarios. The week 7 was based for the development of the balancing rationale and non rationale approaches in an effective scenario. The week 8 was based on the decision making in complex and uncertain scenarios. We were given some scenarios on which we had to develop the final decision by using what we had learnt so far in the course of MGMT20135: Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision-Making. In week 9 we focused the study on the nature of contracts and its relevance. The contracts are also a result of the critical thinking and effective decision making process. The reflect tool was helpful in developing self awareness in me by considering various parameters and attributes. The study made me realized that self awareness is the key to everything in the development process. We have been told that the self awareness consists of attitudes opinions, feelings emotions, motives - purposes, desires - needs, strengths weaknesses, and accurate self assessment. The reflect tool have helped me in realizing the key areas of self awareness as personality traits, personal values, habits, emotions, and psychological needs. Self awareness by reflect tool can be developed by using the Seeking feedback from others, Admitting mistakes, Being aware of your own emotions and the effect you are having on others, Being introspective, Reflecting on ones own feelings and behaviours, and Taking self-scored profiling tests. I have also being able to develop understanding of the Johari Window and its impact for assessing and realizing relationships with others. The re flect apparatus have helped me in understanding the key zones of mindfulness as identity characteristics, individual esteems, propensities, feelings, and mental needs. Mindfulness by reflect instrument can be produced by utilizing the Seeking input from others, Admitting botches, Being mindful of your own feelings and the impact you are having on others, Being contemplative, Reflecting alone sentiments and practices, and Taking self-scored "profiling" tests. I have likewise having the capacity to create comprehension of the Johari Window and its effect for evaluating and acknowledging associations with others. The use of the reflect tool and critical thinking managerial decision making would help in developing prior understanding and development of mine in professional and personal lives. The study would help me in developing better understanding of the critical thinking and effective decision making. We have framed the broad course profile that comprises of week by week readings and doing evaluations for shaping the psychology of person's observation for the improvement of human process and mix. I learnt for advanced development factor through managerial decision making and development of the improved functions and processes. I realized that critical thinking helps in developing a clear understanding of the situational problems. The contracts are also a result of the critical thinking and effective decision making process. The primary goal of the main week contemplate was to make us acquainted with the subject of basic considering and after that build up the hunch for framing the compell ing basic leadership process. I understood that basic speculation helps in building up an unmistakable comprehension of the situational issues. The examination would help in building up the astonishing open door for the staying away from the errors and create through procedures for any situation. The examination helped us in inferring what we had learnt for building up the strategy for protecting doctor's facility by lessening the likelihood of pollution of the cell phones at healing facility. The study was done for helping me gain states of mind suppositions, sentiments feelings, thought processes - purposes, wants - needs, qualities shortcomings, and exact self appraisal. Conclusion The study was a synopsis of what I have learnt through the course MGMT20135: Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision-Making. I learnt for advanced development factor through managerial decision making and development of the improved functions and processes. The first week was developed in getting accustomed to critical thinking and developing the gut feeling for forming the effective decision making process. I realized that critical thinking helps in developing a clear understanding of the situational problems. The second week was all about Clarity and its ten tools namely emptying the bucket, inspection, why, so what, what are needed, anticipatory thinking, what else, ingredient diagram, vision, and thinking coach. The week 3 was dedicated for developing information seeking. The week 4 formed the reflect tool for understanding and developing oneself for the implementation of the effective understanding of the situation. In week 6, we used critical thinking structure for developing the effective decision making for the scenarios. Week 7 was fully used for the balancing rationale and non rationale approaches in an effective scenario. The decision making in complex and uncertain scenarios was formed in the week 8 where we were given some scenarios on which we had to develop the final decision using the knowledge gained. In week 9 we focused the study on the nature of contracts and its relevance. The contracts are also a result of the critical thinking and effective decision making process. References Davis, K. A., Zorwick, M. L. W., Roland, J., Wade, M. M. (Eds.). (2016).Using debate in the classroom: project-management critical thinking, communication, and collaboration. Routledge. Govindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J., Murugesan, P. (2015). Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,98, 66-83. Ikayanti, R., Suratno, S., Wahyuni, D. (2017). Critical Thinking Skill In Science On Junior High School By Problem Based Learning Models.Pancaran Pendidikan,6(3). McPeck, J. E. (2016).Critical thinking and education. Routledge. Millo, Y., Barman, E., Hall, M. (2016). Accounting measurement tools and their impact on managerial decision making.economic sociology_the european electronic newsletter,17(2), 17-23. Paul, R., Elder, L. (2013).Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and personal life. Pearson Education. Shiraev, E. B., Shiraev, E. B., Levy, D. A. (2016).Cross-cultural psychology: Critical thinking and contemporary applications. Taylor Francis. Underwood, M. J. (2015). Searching for commonalities in the teaching of critical thinking skills, from Masters to sixth form to primary. Wiersema, M. (2015). Executive Decision-Making: Linking Dynamic Managerial Capabilities to the Resource Portfolio and Strategic Outcomes. Zsambok, C. E. (2014).Naturalistic decision making. Psychology Press.

First Amendment Essays - James Madison, , Term Papers

First Amendment "Congress shall make no laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." What exactly are the limits to free speech, anyway? This amendment forbids the government from making any law that prohibits it. The debate against this will rage on forever, even judges can't agree. One of the big things that cause argument is people suing publishers and editors for all kinds of things. We need to remind these folks that the First Amendment is a man-made law, not something that is God-made and perfect in all situations, it does have it's limits. Our founding fathers wouldn't mind if we drew the line at a book that gives instructions on how to commit murder. There have been many songs that talk about violence against the police. A man from Texas claimed that the lyrics from Tupac Shakur's "2Pacalypse Now" inspired him to murder a deputy sheriff. But Tupac's song wasn't a how-to on killing police, with explicit instructions. There is a thick line that falls between a work of art that depicts or describes an act of violence and a book that gives advice on murder. Anyone with even a shred of common sense knows that you can't say or write anything about any subject at any time you please. That's why newspapers and magazines across the country go through a self-censorship process that's stricter than any amendment would impose. Unlike some people, most editors and publishers know that the First Amendment's forbidding government from making a new law impinging on freedom of speech doesn't mean that private individuals can't sue you. One judge might throw their cases out, another might rule for the bailiffs. Printing something that's simply offensive may be protected under our Bill of Rights. But that has never stopped individuals from suing them. I saw keep on, if the congress feels that strongly about our rights, so be it. But we need more people to stop them from getting out of hand.

Shocking Cinema essays

Shocking Cinema essays Shocking cinema is the term used to describe films that are usually classed as horror. In this essay I will outline the meaning of shocking cinema/horror as well as talk about 3 main horror films that I studied in lessons and at home. Shocking cinema films tend to be classed as films that horrify the spectator and cause moral panic within society. Within the actual horror category there are different genres, these include slasher, gore and stylized. Slasher films are mainly aimed at the younger audience with films like Halloween and the Screen trilogy. Gore films are those that centre the attention on the special effects and blood of the killings (e.g.- the video nasties that appeared in the mid 80s). An example of stylized horror would be the Dario Argento 1977 classic suspiria. Horror films tend to engage and shock the viewer using two main aspects, visual suspense and sound. Both aspects play of each other and without one the other one becomes almost ineffective. A classic example of this is the now infamous shower scene from the 1960 film psycho. The viewer can see the woman is the shower and the music starts getting sharper. As the shadow of the killer approaches the music starts to get even sharper and louder and almost reaches a crescendo. At this point the viewer feels they know what is going to happen but is s till not quite sure, there is a vulnerable woman naked in the shower and a dark shadow approaching as well as suspenseful music. As the music reaches its peak the killer emerges and pulls back the curtain rails then proceeds to stab the young woman to death using a knife. The audience is shocked on one hand but on the other quite pleased with themselves that they was scared for a valid reason! This could be another reason why shocking cinema has such a strong place in th...

Report on various features of the data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report on various features of the data - Essay Example Further, some of the sources of revenues are interrelated as they may stimulate one another under their macroeconomic effects in the economy. This paper, based on a data set on United Kingdom government’s borrowing and received taxes, reports the data set’s features to the senior management office. Analysis of borrowings and received tax over the two fiscal years One of the important approaches to understanding the data set is an annual comparison of the data to understand the country’s progress in the period. This involves a comparison of the borrowings over the two fiscal years and a comparison of received tax over the period. The following table summarizes descriptive statists of government borrowings for the two fiscal years. ... The difference between mean and median for the yearly borrowings could also be explained by the negative borrowings in the two years and the borrowings were more dispersed in the year ended 2013 that the year ended 2012. The graph bellow compared the annual borrowings and indicates higher borrowings 2012 Graph 1: Comparison of yearly borrowings The nation’s received tax over the two periods can similarly be compared using descriptive statistics that are shown in the table below. Table 2: Descriptive statistics for the fiscal years ended 2012 and 2013 received taxes Fiscal year ended 2012 Â   Fiscal year ended 2013 Â   Mean 12701.91667 Mean 12716.5 Standard Error 1259.548407 Standard Error 1323.836 Median 11077.5 Median 11057.5 Mode #N/A Mode #N/A Standard Deviation 4363.20367 Standard Deviation 4585.903 Sample Variance 19037546.27 Sample Variance 21030504 Kurtosis 5.931301194 Kurtosis 5.685588 Skewness 2.311375522 Skewness 2.248221 Range 15364 Range 16611 Minimum 9578 Minimu m 8881 Maximum 24942 Maximum 25492 Sum 152423 Sum 152598 Count 12 Count 12 Confidence Level(95.0%) 2772.24735 Confidence Level(95.0%) 2913.744 The two periods reported an almost similar trend in received tax with means that are almost equal, 12701 and 12716. Medians for the two years similarly close with 11077.5 for the year ended 2012 and 11057.5 for the year 2013. Close similarity in standard deviation, Kurtosis, skewdness, minimum and maximum values and sums of received taxes further indicates similarity in the two periods’ trends and suggest consistency in the economic stability. The following graph shows a comparison of tax received in the two years with a similarity. Graph 2: Tax

Development of hndwriting skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Development of hndwriting skills - Essay Example The functionl skill of hndwriting supports the cdemic tsk of writing nd llows students to convey writ ten informtion legibly nd efficiently, while ccomplishing written school ssignments in timely mnner. Hndwriting consumes much of student's school dy. McHle nd Cermk (2002) exmined the mount of time llocted to fine-motor ctivities nd the type of fine-motor ctivities tht school-ged children were expected to perform in the clssroom. In their study of six clsses, consisting of two clsses from grdes 2, 4, nd 6 in middle-income public schools, they found tht 31% to 60% of the children's school dy consisted of fine-motor ctivities. Of those fine-motor tsks, 85% of the time consisted of pper nd pencil tsks, indicting tht students my possibly spend up to one qurter to one hlf of their clssroom time engged in pper nd pencil tsks. Occuptionl therpists re frequently sked to evlute hndwriting when it interferes with student's performnce of written ssignments. In fct, poor hndwriting is one of the most common resons for referring school-ged children for occuptionl therpy (Cermk, 1991; Chndler, 1994; Oliver, 2002; Reismn, 1991). The role of the occuptionl therpist is to view the student's performnce, in this cse hndwriting, by focusing on the interction of the student, the school environment, nd the school occuption. Review of Literture Development of hndwriting skills Hndwriting is complex skill, requiring the mturtion nd integrtion of cognitive, visul perceptul, nd fine motor skills. The smll muscles of the hnd follow developmentl progression of prehension nd grsp through infncy, toddlerhood, nd the preschool yers to prepre child to grsp nd mnipulte writing instrument. child's erly experiences with scribbling pve the wy for imitting nd copying lines nd circles in the preschool yers. Eye-hnd coordintion, visul perception, uditory perception, directionlity, sequencing, nd memory lso develop with mturtion nd experience in the erly yers nd re thought to be the underlying components required for hndwriting (mundson & Weil, 2001). Despite the developmentl trends of the component skills, the ctul skill of hndwriting requires forml instruction t school. Culturlly determined conventions of writing re tught nd prcticed in vrying degrees in the school environment. Hndwriting instruction Concurrent with qulittive nlysis of hndwriting, the occuptionl therpist nlyzes the sensorimotor, cognitive, nd psychosocil performnce components tht my be interfering with the child's hndwriting legibility nd speed. s occuptionl therpists build their clinicl resoning skills, they re ble to observe child struggling to write or view child's distorted, unredble hndwriting nd identify suspect performnce components interfering with written communiction. For exmple,

HW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

HW - Assignment Example This idea is applicable to both work and residential places where people do not interact more often due to various reasons. People need diversity because it promotes social integration and the development of a strong bond in work or living places. Another idea that I would implement to improve the way I work or live is to observe the rules imposed by authorities. Being a law abiding citizen or worker enables one to concentrate on valuable activities that reduce imprisonment or suspensions from work. This implies that people should always follow the rules do not waste time in the courts or facing disciplinary committees, but concentrate on their activities. Encouraging colleagues and neighbors to observe rules helps in achieving objectives and promoting unity. This is because individuals are free to consult and share ideas in areas that require teamwork and offers a wider perspective of approaching issues. I believe introducing community projects for cultural appreciation and observing regulations are significant ideas that can improve the ways a person lives or works alongside

Transaction Processing System And Management Information Systems Information Technology Essay

Transaction Processing System And Management Information Systems Information Technology Essay Information System has different types as mentioned above. They are Transaction processing system, Management Information Systems(MIS), Office Automation Systems (OAS), Document Management System (DMS), Decision Support System(DSS), Executive Support System(ESS), Expert System(ES), Knowledge Work System(KWS), Acquiring Information System, Information System Security and Control, Impacts of Information System etc., These types is related to different departments in an organisation such as Operational Manager, Data worker, Middle Manager, Senior Manager etc,. The below diagram shows how the types supports different departments in an organisation. The manager, who maintains, controls and improves the activities in an organisation for better services and goods to customers. The manager checks day to day operations and with the results they will take certain activities. One of the major day to day activities is Transaction processing system. This Transaction Processing is a type in information system. The transaction process is a set of information that may be order, payment, scanned information etc., through computer and need to be updated in a database and database must sent conformation at same time for the request. Transaction process contains two types of processes they are Batch Transaction Process and Real Time Transaction Process. The batch transaction means it collects the data and stored in Database and doesnt respond immediately during process. The best example of BTP is mobile invoices, Bank statements, checks etc. The Real Time Transaction Process means it collects the data and responds immediately for the process a nd saves the records in database. The best example of RTP is Withdrawal money, Deposit money, and Scanned payment results in retail stores. Any business that may be online or offline runs under these two processes works. The below diagram show the basic transaction process which involves user, purpose and the type of process   Ã‚  Ref:  Board of studies NSW, Stage 6 Information Processes and Technology, Preliminary and HSC Courses (2007, page 14) Data Workers: The persons who work for the company are known as data workers. The best example for data workers are employees. The information system types comes under this department are Knowledge management system (KMS) and Office automation system (OAS). In any organisation KMS is used to capture, organise and create business processes in efficient and innovative way. To get the right information we collect data and apply knowledge. The organisation success depends upon the knowledge. All the employees in an organisation must share their thoughts for the organisation goal. The professional people who works for the KMS acts as advisors and give assistance for both Top level and Middle level management. These People develop new knowledge for the organisation and integrated it with existing knowledge which is nothing but updating the system. Example for KMS is the banks say that deposit money in banks for protection. In addition to that the knowledge they use to increase the customers is if you de posit the money for more than a year we will give an additional 5% for the money which means if you deposit $100 then at the end of the year you own $105. OAS is an additional tool to make the process easy in the organisation. A computer system which allows variety of application such as Microsoft word, Emails, Calender and even sharing resources each other through a connected network. This is used mainly by office workers who supports managers at all levels. The best example for OAS is Microsoft word. This application is of user interface which helps to make the documents more easy and has additional facilities like spell correction, word count etc. Middle Manager: This is one of the department/layer in an organisation. The major role is to monitor subordinates like data workers, operational manager before reporting to upper manager. The Information system types that involve in this department are Management Information System (MIS), Decision Support System (DSS), and Intelligent Support System (ISS). Manage information tells manager how to manage information for a particular situation. This information is managed in accurate, timely and relevant for situations. System is a combination of different levels in an organisation. MIS is defined as combination of different layers in organisation, people and documents to know the organisation problems and provide appropriate information for the problem. Accessing, Organising, Summarizing and displayed information for supporting routine decision making in the functional areas. The four types of MIS are TPS, OIS, DCS and Expert Systems. The example for MIS is for an online bank bill payment, the account holder has an option to transfer the amount for a particular date in each month. The bank transfers money each month on that date and send a email with information about how much money is detected, time of transfer and date of transfer. DSS is a system used to make decision with the help of wide range of resources. This system interacts with the people by using range of resources to make decisions which we see in organisation. For example, company wants to sell books internationally through online. To do this the company need to think wether the decision made is wise for business. Company can use DSS for making decisions with the help of company information and also by other resources. This result gives an idea for the company to expand the business internationally or not. http://www.answers.com/topic/information-systems http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287895/information-system http://dictionary.bnet.com/definition/operations+management.html http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=transaction+processingi=53077,00.asp http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/ipt/trans_systems/4-1/tps.htm http://www.ehow.com/how_5624741_start-knowledge-management-system.html http://www.systems-thinking.org/kmgmt/kmgmt.htm http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/O/office_automation.html http://www.gregvogl.net/courses/mis1/glossary.htm http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-management-information-systems.htm

Clothes at School Essay -- essays research papers

In a 1969 Supreme Court case, Tinker vs. Des Moines, a controversy was started over students wearing black armbands to protest American involvement in the Vietnam War. From this case, and many others like it multiple school boards believe that with uniforms or stricter dress codes, the students will have better learning environments. Many schools now implement strict dress code standards, or school uniforms, because of the cases. Moreover, the students believe they already are not being allowed to express themselves and strict school dress codes and uniforms would not allow the students to do so. One of the things I believe a big deal in schools are uniforms. I personally am against uniforms at school. A reason as to why I feel this way is because they don’t allow people to be different, or express themselves. With uniforms a person is dull and exactly the same as the next. While it may be true that certain elements like hair color and gender make them different, it’s supposed to be more than just that; clothes and not uniforms are suppose to help a student be this unique person. In the US, students have a right to a free and public education. With out depending on whether the student chooses to wear a uniform or not. Have you ever noticed the person way in the back of class that’s wearing expensive clothes, and ponder is he/she like the persona of the clothes he/she’s wearing outside of school? Well I have, and stereotyping really comes out best in what a person wears. Yo...

Czech National Gymnastics Organization

From 1860 to 1940 the role of organized sports in Europe greatly expanded and grew in popularity. The participation in sports flourished, as so did competition, especially with the development of the Olympic games. The impacts of these organized sports was a positive advance in Europe that furthered nationalist patriotism through unification, encouraged morality, and created a true understanding of the importance of physical health. A strong sense of national pride was cultivated through sports, which can be seen in military effects.The Czechs saw the importance of sports as a way to create the perfect soldier. Miroslav Tyrs, the cofounder of the Czech National Gymnastics Organization stated that the training of athlete produced â€Å"an unbreachable defense on which the assaults of our foes will be shattered. † (Document 1). Sports was seen as symbolic of war and was advertised as a game through British propaganda (Document 6). Soon sports became the training ground, one whic h was waged against the rest of the world through the Olympic Game.According to Martin Berner, a Berlin journalist in the 1913 article, â€Å"The Olympic games are a war a real war†, â€Å"that gives enough insight into world ranking† (Document 5). Moreover, Japanese traveler Y. Mihashi stated that after his viewing of a Denmark gymnastics competition in 1930 that the athletes were like â€Å"statues come to life, with unbelievable living rhythm† (Document 9). Mihashi also spoke of the ecstasy of the spectators, cheering for their country, and the sense of national pride instilled in them.However, Sir Robert Baden Powell, founder of the boy scouts, criticized the obsessions of spectators in 1908, stating that the games often became vicious and would turn the players into aggressive figures (Document 30). The negative effect sports did have on spectators did not weaken the fact that sports did unify Europe and that the spectators were cheering in unison, but only in a rather un-orderly way. A stricter sense of morality was introduced throughout the role of organized sports as an outcome of its popularity.Sir Baden-Powell encouraged the playing of sports since it was â€Å"the best training for the game of life† â€Å"developing a lad physically and morally, for he learns to play with good temper and unselfishness† (Document 3). An African delegate of a British colony in 1910 said that in sports lay â€Å"perfect union† and â€Å"a complete subordination of the self† (Document 4). The delegate also precluded that in order for one's country to succeed in life they must be able to attain unification through the use of organized sports.Besides the development of a strong sense of pride in one's country and the stricter enforcements of morals, sports also encouraged the improvements of physical health. In not only men but also in women, which furthered the idea of women’s equality through Europe. Soviet Physici an Nikolai Semashko in 1928 stated that â€Å"physical culture in the soviet understanding is concerned not with record breaking but with people’s physical health†¦ has personal and social hygiene as it’s major objective. † (Semashko, Doc. ) The Soviet’s sports were seen as an integral part of the revolution, improving the well being of all citizens. The role of women also was integrated into the idea of sports and physical involvement, in 1910 women were accepted as part of the Czech gymnastics organization (doc 2), were seen to be needing the same physical training as a man (Doc 10) thereby further establishing a sense of physical equality in 1930, Germany, supported by German physician Alice Profe. And the support of female athletes on a competitive level can be seen by the appearance of females in gymnastics in the 1880’s (Doc 12).Seen to encourage â€Å"courage and agility in women which was traditionally seen as a solely male attribute. Although sports fostered a nationalist attitude it was also seen to encourage peaceful national ties. In â€Å"Peace through sport† from the British National Workers Sports Association in 1935, the international games encouraged peace between nations through â€Å"friendly rivalry between our continental brothers and ourselves on the sports field†¦ it will be much better easier to talk peace and infinitely harder †¦ to stir up war against eachother. (Doc 11). The organized sports of the time period between 1860 and 1940 helped create a sense of national pride, encouraged morality and physical well being, a sense of comradery, women’s equality, as well as peaceful relations between countries, resulting in many advances culturally and socially throughout Europe. .

10 of the fastest growing jobs right now

10 of the fastest growing jobs right now When you’re thinking about starting your career or switching careers to change things up, there are a number of important factors: skills and qualifications, the education you’ll need to get started (or move up), and- perhaps the biggest concern of all for many of us- the salary. But while you’re considering all of these very important elements, don’t forget about the future. A growth career is one that will work for you 5, 10, or 15 years down the line. If you choose a path that’s†¦shall we say†¦dwindling, then your options down the line may not be as great as if you pick a field that’s continuing to grow and evolve. Let’s look at some of the fastest growing fields and jobs, all which are anticipated to grow faster than average over the next decade.1. Interpreter/TranslatorBusiness is increasingly global these days, and as companies embrace this small-world trend, people who can help them navigate these international waters will be in hot demand. It’s also a career that has good flexibility- you may work in person directly translating what people are saying, but it could also include translating written documents.What you’ll need: Fluency in multiple languages, strong written and verbal communication skills, and a bachelor’s degree.What it pays: $46,120 per year median salary, or $22.17 per hour, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).Growth potential: 29% by 2024, per the BLS.2. Cost EstimatorIf you’re really good at those Price is Right games and have a mind for the big picture, then becoming a cost estimator might be a good option for your career. Cost estimators, well, estimate costs for goods or services in the most basic sense, but also use their skills to analyze data and determine the overall investment of time, money, and resources on a project. They serve an essential role in project planning. Cost estimators typically specialize in a particular industry, li ke manufacturing or construction.What you’ll need: Math/financial skills, research skills, analytical skills, and a bachelor’s degree in a field like math, management, or engineering.What it pays: $61,790 per year median salary, or $29.71 per hour, per the BLS.Growth potential: 9% by 2024, per the BLS.3. AudiologistIf you’ve ever seen one of those amazing videos of people hearing sounds for the first time ever after receiving cochlear implants, you know that audiologists serve a crucial purpose in helping people with hearing issues. These allied health professionals work with patients to test hearing and develop treatment plans to overcome varying types and severities of hearing loss. That work can include diagnosing issues, fitting patients with hearing equipment, and developing communication and comprehension skills.What you’ll need: A doctoral degree in audiology, plus a state license (check your state for specific licensing requirements).What it pays: $75,980 per year median salary, or $36.53 per hour, per the BLS.Growth potential: 29% by 2024, per the BLS.4. Pharmacy TechnicianOf all the growth fields over the next 10 years, perhaps none are moving as fast or exploding quite as much as healthcare. There are lots of reasons for this- aging Baby Boomers, more attention to health and wellness in general, a decline in overall health- but the upshot is that if you find a healthcare career path that works for you, it’s a safe bet for your future. Pharmacy technicians operate on the back end of healthcare, working with pharmacists to provide medication exactly as prescribed by doctors and with patients to ensure that they’re taking the medications correctly and safely.What you’ll need: Organizational skills, general science knowledge, extreme attention to detail, and a high school diploma or completion of a pharmacy technician program. Some states also require additional licensing or certification, so be sure to c heck your own state’s requirements.What it pays: $30,920 per year median salary, or $14.86 per hour, per the BLS.Growth potential: 9% by 2024, per the BLS.5. RecruiterIf you were the person who could hype any party to get the right people in the door or have a knack for matchmaking (in general, not necessarily in love), then you might be a great recruiter. These human resources professionals are scouts for talent, working on behalf of companies looking to fill positions. They may work independently as a contractor, or as a full-time employee as part of a Human Resources department.What you’ll need: Organizational skills, people skills, communication skills, and a bachelor’s degree.What it pays: $59,180 per year median salary, or $28.45 per hour, per the BLS.Growth potential: 5% by 2024, per the BLS.6. Dental HygienistDid we mention that healthcare jobs are hot? Don’t forget about the dental field, which is expected to grow alongside more traditional medic al fields. Dental hygienists are allied health professionals who work alongside dentists in dental offices or other medical facilities. They are the ones who can see right through your insistence that you’ve been flossing regularly, and are responsible for examining patients, evaluating for signs of disease, cleaning teeth, performing other dental health procedures, assisting with oral surgery, and educating patients on good dental health/follow-up care.What you’ll need: A good bedside manner, and an associate’s degree from an accredited dental hygiene program.What it pays: $72,910 per year median salary, or $35.05 per hour, per the BLS.Growth potential: 19% by 2024, per the BLS.7. Market Research AnalystData is king. So people who can wrangle data and help turn it into sales or marketing strategies are definitely on the royal court. With companies looking to take the ever-increasing amounts of customer and market data and turn it into better products or more sa les leads, market research analysts are the professionals who can make that happen. They take information about a consumer base or sales and turn that into a snapshot of what people want, what people will buy, and how much it should cost.What you’ll need: Math/financial skills, strong analytical skills, and a bachelor’s degree (though advanced positions may require a master’s degree).What it pays: $62,560 per year median salary, or $30.08 per hour, per the BLS.Growth potential: 19% by 2024, per the BLS.8. Biomedical EngineerBiomedical engineers actually combine two hot careers (tech and health) into one. These engineers design and create the tools, equipment, devices, computer systems, and software that are used in healthcare. They can work in academic research settings, the private sector, or government settings.What you’ll need: A strong background in both engineering and the biological sciences, tech skills, and a bachelor’s or master’s d egree in biomedical engineering or bioengineering.What it pays: $85,620 per year median salary, or $41.16 per hour, per the BLS.Growth potential: 23% by 2024, per the BLS.9. SonographerWhen you think â€Å"sonogram,† you might think of parents-to-be wielding those black and white photos that make babies look like peanuts, aliens, or any number of open-to-interpretation shapes. In reality, sonographers (the person behind the ultrasound/sonogram) use that imaging equipment for a variety of medical diagnostic purposes. These medical professionals work with physicians and surgeons to diagnose and assess internal medical issues.What you’ll need: Medical science knowledge, plus a certification or associate’s degree from an accredited allied health program.What it pays: $64,280 per year median salary, or $30.90 per hour, per the BLS.Growth potential: 24% by 2024, per the BLS.10. Event PlannerDo you have a passion for making sure every detail of a project is executed on time, with everyone in place who should be in place? Do you sleep better at night if your detailed spreadsheets and binders are nearby? If so, you might want to think about becoming an event planner. These professionals work for specific companies, like a hospitality company or a convention center, organizing and executing project plans for large gatherings like big meetings, conferences, social events, etc.What you’ll need: Extremely good organizational skills, communication skills, and a bachelor’s degree.What it pays: $47,350 per year median salary, or $22.76 per hour, per the BLS.Growth potential: 10% by 2024, per the BLS.So what do you think? Is one of these fast-growing careers the right choice for you?

Defining Permafrost

Defining Permafrost Permafrost is any soil or rock that remains frozen (below 32 F) throughout the year. For a soil to be considered permafrost, it must be frozen for at least two consecutive years or longer. Permafrost can be found in cold climates where the mean annual temperature is less than the freezing point of water. Such climates are found near the North and South poles and in some alpine regions. Soils in Warmer Temperatures Some soils in areas that experience warmer temperatures thaw for a short time during warmer months. The thawing is restricted to the top layer of soil and a permafrost layer remains frozen several inches below the surface. In such areas, the top layer of soil (known as the active layer) warms up enough to enable plants to grow during the summer. The permafrost that lies below the active layer traps water close to the soils surface, making it quite soggy. The permafrost ensures a cool soil temperature, slow plant growth, and slow decomposition. Permafrost Habitats Several soil formations are associated with permafrost habitats. These include polygons, pintos, solifluction, and thermokarst slumping. Polygon soil formations are tundra soils that form geometric shapes (or polygons) and are most noticeable from the air. The polygons form as the soil contracts, cracks, and collects water trapped by the permafrost layer. Pingo Soil Pingo soil formations form when the permafrost layer traps a large amount of water in the soil. When the water freezes, it expands and pushes the saturated earth upward into a large mound or pingo. Solifluction Solifluction is a soil formation process that occurs when thawed soils slide down a slope over the permafrost layer. When this happens, the soils form rippled, wave patterns. When Thermokarst Slumping Occurs Thermokarst slumping occurs in areas that have been cleared of vegetation, usually due to human disturbance and land use. Such disturbance leads to the melting of the permafrost layer and as a result the ground collapses or slumps.

The purpose of human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The purpose of human rights - Essay Example The two are different despite the fact that they relate to one another2. Human rights are the freedoms and rights that all human beings have an entitlement to enjoy during their lifetime. They are the rights that the state has an obligation to provide to the citizens. They include the right to liberty, life, expression and thought, and equal treatment before the law. These rights express the various responsibilities that the government should provide to individuals and, responsibilities of the government authorities to groups or individuals3. The state bears the role of ensuring that all the citizens enjoy their rights. They are fundamental inalienable rights, which all people in the state have an entitlement to as human beings. The rights exist as legal or natural rights in both international and national law. Human rights are an international practice that prevails in policies of different states and, and in various activities organizations that are nongovernmental4. Human rights a re norms that protect people from legal, social, and political abuses. The source of conception of these rights is the treaties, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the human rights documents that people followed in international organizations. The Declaration of the rights clearly illustrates many human rights that all countries have a responsibility to protect and respect5. The rights fall into six key families, which include Security rights that protect all the people against crimes like murder, torture, rape, and massacre. Due process rights, which protect people against the abuse of legal system. The abuse includes imprisonment of individual without trial, excessive punishments, and secret trials6. Liberty rights protect individuals’ freedom in expression, belief, association, movement, and assembly. Political rights protect a person’s liberty to involve themselves in politics via various acts like assembly, communication, serving in public offices, and vot ing. Equality rights ensure equal citizenship, non-discrimination and equality before the law. Welfare rights ensure that an individual acquire quality education and that the government protects them from starvation and severe poverty. Group rights are also remarkably vital rights that the Universal Declaration leaves that protect the different ethnic groups from genocide. It also covers the ownership of various resources and territories by the groups7. The various ideas that led to the development of the human rights arose during the Second World War. In 1948, the United Nations made a remarkable step in adopting the Universal Declaration of Human rights. The societies that existed during the period had developed elaborate systems, political legitimacy, and conceptions of justice meant to realize human dignity. Another crucial issue that has contributed to the development of human rights is the secularization of the Judeo-Christian ethics by the Europeans. A human being gives birth to a baby who is equal in dignity to the mother8. Human beings have a conscience and reason that guides them to act to one another in the spirit of goodwill. Human rights form vocabularies that articulate the norms of various cultures that guide people to associate with one another effectively9. The widespread nature of agreements of international human rights provides the necessary support of the values that human widely share. Human rights norms are

Pop Culture Women's Voices Discussion Coursework

Pop Culture Women's Voices Discussion - Coursework Example It was the coming of age of a few older favorites like Madonna, Prince, Michael Jackson, and one of the best girl groups of all time, TLC. There was barely a song out about women â€Å"talking to† men that wasnt about real life, as if musical artists have a great deal of insight into the way men chase and women (supposedly) run, or play hard to get. The song â€Å"No Scrubs† by TLC was phenomenal because of its theme about pride and not giving your girl power to a â€Å"scrub,† or a man who â€Å"hangs out the passenger side of his best friends ride.† The hidden meaning of a scrub is that he is so lame, or unimportant or non-committal, that he cant even manage a car of his own. The song is not dedicated to men, but to women, about belittling themselves to get into a bad relationship that is not true to them or their futures. Women had come a long way, but were also far-removed from the Womens Lib movement of the 1960s. Women were still struggling with sexual and gender identity approximations in the 90s, or how far they could go to be themselves without being left completely alone. The universal answer to a scrub is â€Å"No.† Deadbeats – men who live with others and mothers and own nothing theyve earned speaks to the widely held ideas of the 90s woman, her independence and simultaneous self-initiated sexual exploitation, as if its okay to tease a man and not go all the way. Horizons expand with â€Å"lady music† aimed directly at men about their behaviors and hard-held beliefs about the place of women in

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Management - Essay Example s paper outlines the activities that can be involved when building a new house. This initiative has been underscored after realizing that it is wise to build a personal house than rely on rented accommodation. There are various factors such as financial issues that are involved in this work. It is also important for the individual involved to procure the place to build a house first before undertaking any construction work. The paper is divided into different categories that outline the different phases that can be involved in building a house. Business case: Financial and other considerations The business case involves building a house and the set budget for completing this project is ?25Â  000. However, a supplementary budget of ?5Â  000 has been set aside for this particular project. In order to complete this project there are different considerations that ought to be taken into account. There is need to procure raw materials that can be used in carrying out this project. There is also need to hire contractors who can execute this particular task. Planning assumptions and external constraints As is often the case when a project needs to be completed, proactive steps such as research, planning, communication, and review are often seen as basic tenets of project success (Josler & Burger, 2005). Basically, the term project is used to describe a set of activities that are linked and they are directed towards the attainment of a certain goal (Hellriegel 2001). A project can also be described as a onetime activity with a definite start and finish. As such, through utilization of project management methodology, a project can be completed within the expected time frame, on budget as well meeting the expected standards that satisfy all the stakeholders who may be involved. In this case, the baseline of the project is to carry out a feasibility study to establish if the project can be manageable. This is followed by outlining the cost and benefit analysis of the pro ject where the objectives are also set. When planning a project, the steps needed to obtain the goals of a project need to be outlined since this gives the team members direction to follow. A risk assessment ought to be carried out. In this case where a project involving the construction of a house is being undertaken, there are external constraints that can be encountered. As discussed in detail below, it can be noted that some of the external constraints may include the unprecedented changes in the price of raw materials used for building the house. Fluctuating labour costs can also affect the project hence the need to put contingency plans in place in order to deal with such a scenario. Options considered There are various external constraints that are likely to be encountered when carrying out a project. However, certain measures ought to be implemented in such a scenario. The last part of the paper outlines some of the contingent measures that can be implemented in case of chal lenges that can derail the progress being encountered. Benefits of building own house There are many

Life Cycle Essay Example for Free

Life Cycle Essay In this paper I will be writing about the life cycle and the understanding of what impacts an individual. I will be explaining three major concepts such as how self-determination impacts an individual’s ability to successfully negotiate challenges in each life cycle. Also how autonomy impacts an individual’s ability to successfully negotiate challenges in each life cycle and how policies and legislation could impact the family during each life cycle. When it comes to the life cycle there are stages individuals will pass through in their entire life cycle. When it comes to self-determination it starts from birth to about 18months old. During these first 18 months the child is developing optimism, trust, confidence, and security by their mother and father if they are properly cared for by them. If by change there is no trust from the parents to the child they could grow into insecurity, unimportance, and most likely be wary of trust in themselves and in the world. Later in life if the individuals were properly cared for he or she will be able to make things happen in their lives for themselves. This all comes with feeling confidence and being able to trust and make their own decision in their lives. Individuals learn how to be self-determination in early elementary by learning how to make their own choices, promote early problem solving skills by thinking aloud as they address simple problems. This stage is called autonomy vs. shame this is from 18 months to about 5years old. This is when individuals will have the chance to assemble self-esteem and autonomy as they learn new skills and right from wrong. If the individual is cared for the correct way they will learn how to carry them self with pride rather than shame and very sure of themselves. This is about the time individuals will start to wonder and explore the word why and start to experiment of what to believe to be an adult. Playing with Barbie’s and ken’s, also toys such has cars plays a role with wanting to know things and why. If you don’t have involvement with your child in this stage they ca n resolve problems such as struggles through social role identification. With this it can bring an individual frustrated over goals in life and also  may feel guilt. Industry vs. inferiority stage is during age 6 to 12 years old. This is when learning new skills and understanding with developing sense of industry. This is too a stage of social development that you learn plus need throughout the stage of everybody’s life cycle. If an individual experience unanswered thoughts of failure and weakness amongst their peers, they are known to have very serious troubles in conditions of capability and self-esteem during their entire life cycle. As individuals will expand their relationship with school and neighbors during this time of their life cycle parents are still important in their life. In the stage of 12 to 18 years old self-determination and autonomy plays a role in an individual’s life cycle. This is where development is found of what has been done with that person. At this point it has to do with the primarily upon what a person dose with their life. If this means an individual’s has to struggle to be able to discover and find out who they are when having to be deal with negotiating and struggling with social interaction this will bring in their sense of morality and right from wrong skills they have learned. From some reason or another there is a delay in adulthood this can cause a person to become very withdrawn from having responsibilities in life to more in the right direction. Policies and legislation has enter into people life cycle from stage one from learning right from wrong. It really kicks in about the time 18 to 65 years old with dealing with finding love in your life and some are ready before other to settle down and to start a family. If a person does not find them self in at least finding some companies with one another that individual could come to be isolated and that is not good for a person. During this time phrase people are also getting their career in order along with their family this is to be called taking control of all responsibilities in life. When it comes to the stage of 65 to death with an individual this is when it involves reflection. This could be feeling of integrity, contentment feeling you have led a meaningful life. If for some reason a person can not feel like they have lived a happy meaningful life they could be feeling the fear of death. When feeling this way they are struggling to find out what the purpose of their own live was about here in the world. Having the thoughts going through their mind of was everything worth it, what was the point of life this is when they will have start to feel failure and it be a stressful and happy time with individuals life  cycle. In this paper this explains the three major concepts in the family life cycle. Self-determination how it impacts the ability to successfully negotiates challenges in the life cycle. How autonomy impacts individuals ability to successfully negotiate in the life cycle and also the policies and legislation ability could impact an individual’s life cycle. The life cycle is something everyone has to go through and to know it starts from birth to death. Reference The Expanded Family Life Cycle: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives, Fourth Edition. Chapter 2: Self in context: Human Development and Individual Life Cycle in Systemic Perspective. Monica McGoldrick, Betty Carter, Nydia Garcia Preto (2011).

Stock Essay -- Economy

An active investor invests his all resources to determine the fair value of a stock. However, most of the times, he is unable to acquire a piece of information that is not available in the public domain and that information may alter the probability distribution of his investment decision (James Lorie, 1980). In this phenomenon, an active investor may infer the non-public information by considering corporate insiders’ action in their own stock. Many previous studies (e.g., Jaffe, 1974; Finnerty, 1976a, b; Seyhun, 1986, 1988a, b; Rozeff and Zaman, 1988; Lin and Howe, 1990) document that corporate insiders pursue special information and on that special information, not only insiders are able to earn abnormal profits through trading stocks of own firms but also outsiders also able to earn abnormally by merely mimicking their actions. In financial economies literature, these findings have been considered as a violation of market efficiency. The main objective of this study is to determine market reactions around the day of insider trading and the day of announcements on Indian stock market. We are curious to perform our analysis on Indian data because a major chunk of studies on insider trading are concentrated on the U.S data. Therefore, the analysis of India insider trading data provides an independent outcome to compare with previous studies’ results. Besides, there are enough differences between the US and India market, which indicate that the results of these studies may not be robust in Asia or emerging markets. First difference, the ownership structure of emerging markets’ firms is more concentrated than developed markets’ firms (La Porta et al, 1999). For example, La Porta et al (1998) find that in the Indian firm, the top th... ... to price ratio and size effects of approximately 9% per annum in market model error term. Moreover, Finnerty (1976) finds that insiders most likely to buy their own stock when a firm is a small size and having low BM ratio compared to other firms whose stocks the average insiders are selling. If insiders’ buy tend to be concentrated in small size and low BM firms, the abnormal returns of insider trading information that are calculated by the market model may be significantly differ from zero in the absence of special information. In this paper, we calculate adjusted abnormal returns of insider trading that take into account the size and BM ratio effects. In this methodology, we argue that when we match the firm of insider trading with similar size and BM ratio portfolio, and then adjusted abnormal returns will be originated because of the special information.

Differences Between Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Lo

At the mention of the name Alice, one tends to usually think of the children’s stories by Lewis Carroll. Namely, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass are two classic works of children’s literature that for over a century have been read by children and adults alike. These two stories tell the tale of a young girl named Alice who finds herself in peculiar surroundings, where she encounters many different and unusual characters. Although Alice is at the centre of both stories, each tale is uniquely different in its purpose, characters and style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carroll first published Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland in 1865, three years after he had first told the story to the young girl Alice Liddell and her sisters, following her request for a story full of nonsense. The creation of this story began on a river picnic as Carroll began telling the tale of Alice in Wonderland to entertain the girls. Unlike the spontaneity in the creation of the first story, Carroll’s Through the Looking Glass was published six years after the first, when Alice was a teenager. This latter story was more logical than the first and clearly differed from it in both its style and direction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The introduction of Alice and how she finds herself in the â€Å"other† world is very different in each of the stories. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Alice’s curiosity and boredom leads her to follow the White Rabbit as he rushes passed her. She ends up falling down the rabbit hole which takes both her and the reader into a world of magic and disorder. Carroll’s Wonderland is a place where Alice finds many of the characters difficult and odd. She encounters various characters along her journey, many of whom likely represented real people known to the real Alice Liddell. Throughout the first story, Alice also finds herself growing and shrinking at various stages, something that Carroll does not repeat in Through the Looking Glass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice’s curiosity also leads her into the â€Å"other† world in Through the Looking Glass. Unlike Carroll’s first story, this world is one that is logical and in that loses some of its magic. As Alice enters through the glass mirror, her surroundings become reversed and Carroll repeats this image of reversal throughout the story in the poem of the Jabberwocky, the mirror images of Tweedledee and Tweedledum, as well as when the White... ...e is shaking her cat. Carroll ends the story with a question to the reader- who had really dreamed the dream, Alice or the Red King? This ending is open to the reader to conclude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There exists several differences between Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. These differences may be due to the disparity in time between the writing of both stories and the circumstances that surrounded Carroll’s writing, as well as the intention that Carroll possessed when he began to tell the tale. However, these differences are essential to the distinctive nature of each story and convey to the reader a different portrayal of the view that Carroll had of the relationship between child and adult. Whether it was the difference between characters in the stories, or the style in which the story was written, they play an important role in the development of Alice and in the depiction that Carroll intended. Works Cited Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Illus. Arthur Rackham. Poem by Austin Dobson. New York: Sea Star Books, 2002. Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking Glass. From Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.net Etext91/glass18.txt

Company Law Tutorial

Company law tutorial question year 3 Semester1. 1. â€Å"Under the ordinary rules of law, a present company and a subsidiary company, even a 100 per cent subsidiary company, are distinct legal entities and in the absence of an agency contract between the two companies, one cannot be said to be the agent of the other. This seems to be clearly established by the rule in Salomon v. A. Salomon & Co. Ltd. † Critically discuss. 2. â€Å"The principle laid down in Foss v. Harbottle continues to create a significant obstacle to minority shareholder action. Discuss. 3. Layton Co. Ltd. , private company with Articles in the form of Table A, has in its memorandum, the following clauses: â€Å"The objects for which the company is established are: (i) to manufacture, process and distribute computer software and CD Roms; (ii) to purchase and hold property, to borrow or to lend money, and to dispose of funds or property owned by the company; and (iii) to do anything that is in the opinion of the directors necessary to make profits from the use of the assets of the company. † Geoff and Marcia, two of the directors of Layton Co.Ltd. , own approximately 20 percent of the shares in Layton Co. Ltd. Stacy, a director, unbeknown to the board of directors, purports to enter into a contract with High State Developers Ltd. , â€Å"on behalf of Layton Co. Ltd. ,† for the construction of a health spa for stressed executives. In order to secure machinery, Stacy writes to Health Fanatic Inc. , on Layton Co. Ltd. ‘s stationery, offering Health Fanatic Inc. the contract to provide technical training for any staff employed by the spa. Health Fanatic Inc. accepts the offer. Layton Co. Ltd. , now refuses to build he health spa due to a depression in the market and is consequently not in need of Health Fanatic Inc. ‘s services. Discuss. 4. Tamara and Kathy have been conducting business as artefact restorers for several years. In January, 1999, Tamara and Kathy d ecided to incorporate their business. In order to facilitate the building of the registered head office of the company, Tamara purchased land from her grandfather for$50,000. Meanwhile, Kathy executed a contract on behalf of Heritage Ltd. , engaging the services of Sherry, a geology expert, to carry out a geological survey.Sherry submitted a report headed â€Å"subject to confirmation† which stated that the land was suitable for building a multistoried complex and that there was evidence of mineral deposits. In June 2004, Heritage Ltd. was incorporated as a public company with Tamara, Kathy and Bill as its directors. Tamara promptly sold the parcel of land to Heritage Ltd. for $2. 2 million and submitted an invoice for $70,000 for services rendered prior to the incorporation of Heritage Ltd. In April 2005, Tamara, unbeknown to the board, enters into an agreement with Jump Up Inc. or the acquisition of a fleet of trucks. It is customary for Heritage Ltd. to lease trucks as acq uisition is extremely costly. Advise. The capital of Bush Tea Co. Ltd. consists of fully paid up ordinary and preference shares. The governing regulations of Bush Tea Co Ltd. provide as follows: â€Å"17(a) Preference shareholders shall receive a cumulative preference dividend of 5% half yearly; and (b)Two votes shall be attached to each preference share issued. † Due to an outbreak of the Pink Mealy bug disease, the production of bush tea has dramatically declined.The board of directors of Bush Tea Co. Ltd. proposes to alter clause 17(a) of the governing regulations to reduce the preference dividend from 5% to 2% and to move a resolution to increase the voting rights of ordinary shareholders. Advise the preference shareholders. 5. In 2001, Mr. Ingenious decided to build condominiums on a parcel of beach front property which he had purchased in 1996 for $40,000. On March 26th, 2001, Mr. Ingenious instructed Mr. Safe Guard, an attorney-at-law, to incorporate a company to be ca lled Beach Haven Ltd. to manage the condominiums. Immediately after leaving Mr.Safe Guard's office, Mr. Ingenious entered into an oral agreement on behalf of Beach Haven Ltd. with Fast Seal Cement Ltd. for the supply of building blocks for the construction of the condominiums. The company, Beach Haven Ltd. , was eventually incorporated, in January, 2002. Its board of directors consists of Mr. Ingenious, Mr. Deke, Ms. Peta-Gaye and Ms. Jayanti. At the directors' meeting of February, 2002, the board of directors resolved to purchase the beach front property from Mr. Ingenious for $1million. Unfortunately, due to a slump in the real estate market Beach Haven Ltd. s profits declined significantly. It has been discovered that, prior to incorporation, Mr. Ingenious contracted with Wire Steel Inc. , signing on behalf of Beach Haven Ltd. , for the supply of 12 tons of high-tension steel at a price well above the market price. Mr. Deke, in March, 2003, hired his girlfriend, as a consultant, for $10,000 per month without board approval. The cement blocks purportedly purchased on Beach Haven Ltd. ‘s behalf are discovered to be of inferior quality. Advise Beach Haven Ltd. 6. Sashawa Enterprises Ltd. (SE Ltd. ) is a public company incorporated in Jambah.The Articles of Association of SE Ltd. are in the form of Table A. The objects clause of the Memorandum of Association contain the following provisions: (a)To carry on the business of the manufacture of textiles and clothing apparel; (b)To borrow money; (c)To do all such things which in the opinion of the directors may be conveniently carried out by the company. In January, 2001, Michael and Midge, two directors of SE Ltd. , contracted with Caribbean Construction Ltd. to build a coffee shop on premises adjacent to the corporate headquarters of SE Ltd. To finance this project SE Ltd. orrowed $5 million from Careless Bank Ltd. This loan was approved quickly, since Careless Bank Ltd. was a long standing customer of SE Lt d. and Careless Bank Ltd. was satisfied of Caribbean Construction Ltd. ‘s credit worthiness. After the events of September 11th, 2001, the profits of SE Ltd. declined considerably. SE Ltd. is no longer interested in constructing the coffee shop and is refusing to pay both Caribbean Construction Ltd. and Careless Bank Ltd. Nevertheless SE Ltd. is desirous of donating $12 million dollars to the International War Relief Fund. Discuss.